We have engaged the services of International business consultant, Alan Wild, who has extensive experience working with the ILO as well as with CIETT and who is familiar with the challenges that our industry faces. He has most recently facilitated the CIETT programme for capacitating TES employer organizations, similar to APSO, from Eastern Europe and will share this experience with our members.

The sessions seek to provide information about the importance of Lobbying and Advocacy, particularly at grassroots level, and to show members how these principles can be practically implemented by you to boost the image and effectiveness of your business, APSO and the industry as a whole.

Ideally, APSO would like to develop a network of individual members who are willing to act as Change Agents, in their spheres of influence and to promote the interests of the association and the industry  as a whole as we engage with government, unions and other stakeholders in the quest for regulation and professionalisation of the recruitment industry.

Ideally, business owners or senior managers should attend this session to be updated on the latest challenges – and opportunities – facing the industry, as well as to learn how to more effectively lobbying for their business and the industry.

These sessions will be available FREE to members but seats are limited.

Wed 27 Oct 2010,  10h00 – 14h00, Johannesburg 

Thur 28 Oct 2010, 08h30 – 12h30,  Riverside Hotel, Durban

Fri  29 Oct 2010, 08h30 – 12h30,The Pepper Club, Cape Town

Comprehensive feedback, as well as Lobbying & Advocacy Toolkits will be provided to all members post the sessions.

If you are interested in attending, please contact Lee Luck who will send you a booking form. She can be reached in the office 011 615 9417 or leeluck@apso.co.za

By Jonathan Yudelowitz

TO GAIN converts leaders must ensure that promises correlate with reality. This demands integrity: honestly reviewing how new ideas compare with existing ones; matching one’s own willingness to sacrifice, change or contribute with what we ask others to do or relinquish. Integrity inspires trust and stimulates the opening of minds to realities and new possibilities.

The tone of Cosatu’s Growth Path Towards Full Employment invites serious debate and consideration. But it lacks integrity.

The document is vocal on how business and government must change but silent on how Cosatu can transform to support the role it claims in guiding the economy. It doesn’t acknowledge the failure of its previous big idea of tripartite economic co-determinism, enshrined in our labour relations framework, Nedlac and sectoral bargaining.

Since its inception Nedlac has contributed nothing, and the sectoral councils are overseeing the wholesale shedding of jobs, especially in troubled sectors like the textile and apparel industries.

Despite its transformational rhetoric, the labour relations framework has served to entrench vested interests of big business and big labour. It has failed to deal with post-1994 changes to our labour market, and suggestions to address rural or youth unemployment that could compromise union domination are quashed.

The key to competitiveness is the flexibility to cope with the seasonal swings in market demand. Labour brokers responded effectively, providing many citizens with a foot in the door of employment.

Cosatu calls labour brokers modern day slave traders, begging the question as to why they have not been brought before the SA Human Rights Commission, the Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration or the courts. After all, workers use these channels in order to protect and assert their rights.

The real reason for Cosatu’s anger is that labour brokers threaten its hegemony.

The abolition of labour brokers could cost our economy and erode the advances made in the construction, postal services, retail and hospitality industries.

As Ethel Hazelhurst pointed out in Business Report (September 27, 2010), Cosatu demands the lowering of food and electricity prices, yet it will not admit its well-above-inflation wage increase demands contribute to these prices.

Cosatu upholds the legal right to strike but disrespects the right not to strike. On Radio 702, a National Education, Health, and Allied Workers Union leader rationalised the death of infants during the hospital workers’ strike but when a toyitoying striker had a seizure, Cosatu saw no hypocrisy in seeking medical attention.

Cosatu dismisses the idea that jobs are more likely to be secured if businesses negotiate with their own workers, which would make employee morale and productivity a competitive advantage. Instead it insists on bargaining by sectors, which caters for the lowest common denominator and doesn’t recognise that living costs and employment choices differ widely.

The unemployment crisis is being perpetuated by ideological assumptions and vested interests.

To face our dilemma-rich reality, the first step is to connect ideology to promises, plans and then to results, and review these against assumptions so the system can learn. This will demand leadership from all sides – the unions, big business and the government – characterised by integrity and responsibility.

Jonathan Yudelowitz is a management consultant and joint managing director of YSA.

Zuma speaking in Durban to mark May Day, said workers’ share of national income had not grown to acceptable levels, with rural areas still deeply divided into affluent farm blocs, peri-urban and poorer communal areas. “The benefits of economic growth have not been broadly and equitably shared,” Zuma told a May Day gathering.

Deep divisions between the ANC, Cosatu, which has nearly two million members, and the SACP have threatened a decades-old alliance as rival factions battle for power and influence to shape policy.

Zuma said the government would introduce laws to promote decent work for all employees, to regulate contract work, subcontracting and out-sourcing in a bid to address labour broking and prohibit some abusive practices

“We are also working to ensure that provisions are introduced to facilitate the unionisation of workers and conclusion of sectoral collective agreements to cover vulnerable workers,” he said.

 Zuma said the government was also implementing policies that create an environment for more labour-intensive production methods and procurement policies that support local jobs and build public-private partnerships.

Turning to his allies in Cosatu and the South African Communist Party, Zuma said the ruling ANC and its allies needed to be united in order to transform the lives of South Africans. “There is still a lot that we must do together to advance the interests of workers,” Zuma said. “The ANC is the shield, Cosatu the spear of the workers.”

Zuma also reiterated that the soccer World Cup, due in 39 days, will be a resounding success and that it comes as a result of the workers’ decades long struggles against minority rule.

“The World Cup is a celebration of our freedom, a celebration of the sacrifices and struggles of our people. Together we will make the tournament a resounding success, because we worked so hard for it over many decades,” Zuma said.

Unemployment: Honorable Speaker, unemployment has no race, it sees no colour but it affects all, irrespective of your background in society. In his Budget Speech, the Honorable Minister of Finance highlighted the key spending priorities of government to create a better life for all. One of the main focus areas raised by the Minister is job creation. The Minister quite correctly said that one in four adults seeking work is unemployed and almost half our young people have not found work.

The Democratic Alliance agrees with the minister that job creation is of the utmost importance because not only will people with jobs be able to look after themselves and their families financially, but these people will be afforded the opportunity to contribute to tax revenue, create wealth in the economy, look forward to better schooling opportunities for their children, as well as building a sense of self esteem.

Proposed allocations of R52 billion over the next three years for the Expanded Public Works Programme are therefore disconcerting. Although the aim is to create 4.5 million job opportunities, the jobs are unfortunately of a short term nature and as a result no, or very little, skills transfer takes place. The DA is of the opinion that the funds provided for the EPWP programme should rather be used to extend the youth unemployment programme and to grant more assistance to small and medium enterprises.

The DA has said it in the past and we will say it again. The SETAs don’t work: instead, we need a system that incentivizes on-the-job training and apprenticeships. The DA therefore urges the government of the day to reopen all nursing colleges, teaching colleges and apprenticeship training centers to create an environment for our young people to become self sufficient and to restore pride to all our people. By doing this, our skills shortage will automatically be addressed.

The fact that 267 000 South Africans lost their jobs in the first and second quarter of 2009 according to data released in Stats SA’s Quarterly Labour Force survey, was a clear signal that the ANC’s stance on labour policy is misguided and ultimately destructive to employment creation. Meanwhile, the increase in unemployment to 31.1% in the third quarter was a clear and urgent signal to the ANC government that the status quo on labour regulation is not workable, nor sustainable. The results for the fourth quarter of 2009 further demonstrated that President Zuma failed dismally in his promise to create 500 000 new job opportunities by the end of last year. Instead under the Zuma administration, about half a million jobs have been lost, and during the whole of 2009, the South African economy shed 870 000 jobs.

The creation of real jobs and the eradication of poverty is one of the primary challenges facing South Africa. The solution to this problem lies in embracing the market, relinquishing control over certain key aspects of the economy and establishing an environment in which investment is encouraged, entrepreneurship awarded and small and medium sized business supported and allowed to grow.

Unfortunately this government is moving in the opposite direction. Under the auspices of the ‘developmental state’ it is seeking to maintain its control and, indeed, if the new industrial policy is anything to go by, increase it. This is wrong. Central to arresting this approach is the realization that the market is best placed to generate prosperity and wealth and not the state.

Compensation fund: The Compensation Fund needs to urgently get its house in order and deliver on its mandate of compensating injured workers, instead of allowing fraud and corruption to run rife. Chairperson, last year the Compensation Fund received a disclaimer of opinion from the Auditor General, however, this year it seems that the fund is not making any progress by taking heed of processing claims.

Instead the Department of Labour has admitted before the Standing Committee on Public Accounts (SCOPA) that the fund has been defrauded to the tune of R24.6 million in false claims. The Compensation Commissioner told members of parliament that medical doctors colluded with staff to create these false claims and that 11 of the staff have been arrested and prosecuted in this regard. However, R57 million remains unaccounted for in their financial statements, yet millions of prospective beneficiaries in South Africa are going without food on a daily basis due to the frustration created by the Compensation Fund.

In fact, in response to a parliamentary question posed by the DA, it has been revealed by the Minister of Health, Dr Aaron Motsoaledi, that the Commissioner for Occupational Injuries and Diseases has processed less than 17% of all claims it received in 2009 – and that this has been the pattern over most of the past five years.

The Commission is supposed to provide cover for medical expenses for workers injured on duty, and all employers contribute to the fund. This reply is therefore a serious indictment of a government institution mandated to protect workers. There is no defence for this level of neglect of such a vulnerable group. These applications have been injured while contributing to society. The excuse that literacy levels are to blame is invalid – there are multiple ways to contact an injured worker, and the Commission should be using creativity and initiative to do so instead of simply accepting the problems as fact. This is its job, after all.

The response just goes to show that actual service delivery is nowhere on the priority list of the Commissioner. The Minister of Labour should help those who can’t help themselves by transforming the currently inaccessible system of the compensation fund into a system characterised by a caring environment in which claims are processed in a quick and user friendly manner.

Labour brokers: It is clear that Cosatu is only interested in one thing: increasing their influence in the labour market and securing monthly membership fees. The real concerns of the unemployed and those who do suffer at the hands of rogue labour brokers are not a priority at all to Cosatu.

It is now clear that the Minister of Labour, Membathisi Mdladlana, has been forced by the weight of evidence to rethink on his promise to ban labour brokers. In response to a series of parliamentary questions posed by the DA, nine government departments have admitted to making use of labour brokers, at a cost of R123 million.

This is no surprise but the reasons given supply overwhelming evidence as to the necessity of labour brokers. The figures also show that they are necessary for the efficient running of government – which poses further questions as to why certain government departments flatly deny making use of their services.

It seems as if the appeasement of Cosatu does have its logical limits – one cannot blindly reject the solid facts and reasonable arguments that show that labour brokers do have a role to play in the labour market.

The Minister of Labour, Membathisi Mdladlana, has never uttered a single word of concrete policy suggestions – only threats to ban labour brokers. The empty rhetoric and rabid threats by the Hon. Mdladlana have now been exposed for precisely what they are – a cheap trick to shore up support with Cosatu members ahead of the 2009 National Election even while knowing that his threats would never materialize.

If the Hon. Mdladlana had been serious about the abuse taking place on the periphery, then there would have been a clear and level headed debate. Instead, the abuse of workers has been used to promote the ANC, rather than address the real issues. The DA has proposed a comprehensive plan on the problem of workers abuse in the fringe of the labour broker industry. The DA urges all parties, especially the backbenchers in the ANC, to give proper consideration on the DA’s proposals, which are based on best practice.

MEDIA ENQUIRIES: Andrew Louw MP – 082 383 6914

Cosatu won’t indiscriminately shoot down alternative plans, declared Zwelinzima Vavi, general secretary of the union, on Friday.

Upon invitation he addressed the labour brokers’ employer organisation Capes without once harping on the union’s demand for a total ban on labour broking.

Cosatu would fight to get the best possible legislation through parliament and then use this legislation to the full, he said.

Earlier this month Cosatu promised to call out a countrywide strike in 2010 to demand the prohibition of labour broking – with a second possible strike to protest Eskom’s tariff hikes.

In recent months, though, a labour-broking ban has seemed increasingly unlikely.

Namibia’s ground-breaking ban on broking, which Cosatu had wanted to emulate, came to nought in December following a judgment in the appeal court of South Africa’s neighbour.

The landmark decision declared the ban unconstitutional for reasons that would probably also obtain in South African courts.

Despite regular hot-headed pronouncements against labour brokers, Labour Minister Membathisi Mdladlana also preferred to propose regulations in official policy documents.

The ANC has never officially expressed support for a ban. On the contrary, in his State of the Nation speech this year President Jacob Zuma promised a R1bn fund to establish loan subsidies.

Cosatu slammed the planned subsidy as a “threat” to create a third, even more subservient, category of workers in practice.

In his speech Vavi blamed labour brokers for workers’ declining participation in national earnings. Ever since the end of apartheid wages, as part of overall national earnings, have fallen from more than 56% to about 47%.

Research by the Labour Research Service in Cape Town shows that real wages in South Africa have declined 17% since 2005.

Apart from “massive” unemployment, the country is also suffering from an increasing number of poor workers – which is attributable to the circumvention of labour laws, said Vavi.

In Cosatu’s view labour broking is one of the main drivers of this process. It creates contractual relationships with little security and weak wage and service conditions.

According to Vavi, statistics on labour broking clearly indicate the industry flourished only after the Labour Relations Act was ratified in 1995.

It was difficult, he said, to ignore this obvious catalyst, with employers seeking alternative contractual arrangements to circumvent the new legislation.

Laws written on paper are all well and good, but in reality we are far from applying all the laws and from changing workers’ lives, Vavi continued.

Cosatu accepts that employers frequently need to appoint temporary staff for valid reasons.

Vavi pointed out that the sector was regulated as a “temporary employment sector”, while contract workers often worked permanently for their employer’s clients.

Labour Court ruling

Meanwhile, Philip de Bruin reports that the Labour Court has prohibited one of the most important standard provisions contained in contracts that labour brokers enter into with workers.

This provision states that a labour broker can remove any worker supplied to an employer from that employer’s premises should the employer request it.

Faan Coetzee, a director and labour expert at the firm of Cliffe Dekker Hofmeyr in Sandton, says this Labour Court decision will have “far-reaching consequences”.

The Labour Court found that this clause in a contract – especially if it results in the worker losing his job with the broker – is contrary to public policy and amounts to unfair violation of the worker’s right to fair labour practice in terms of the Labour Relations Act.

In the case before the court the employer concerned asked the labour broker, INTCS Corporate Solutions, to remove the worker, Simon Nape, from its premises.

INTCS subjected Nape to a disciplinary hearing, gave him a final written warning and sent him back to the employer. But the employer refused to take him back. As INTCS had no other work for Nape, he was dismissed.

The Labour Court found that Nape’s dismissal had been substantially unfair.

- Sake24.com

Instead, the committee resolved that only abusive practices be prohibited, for example where there was no contractual relationship between all the parties in a triangular employment situation, namely the employee, the labour broker and the client company.

Also to be prohibited, the committee report recommended, was where there was different pay for the same work, and those contracts where the definition of the employer and workplace was not clear.

According to the report, there are 6 000 recruitment centres in SA and the industry employs 500000 people a year. Since the year 2000, labour brokers have introduced about 3,5-million temporary, part- time and contract employees into the labour force. During the 2008-09 financial year, the sector contributed a total of R415m to the National Skills Fund.

Finalisation of the report opens the way for the Department of Labour to proceed with the drafting of legislation on labour broking, which Mdladlana said was awaiting a recommendation from Parliament. The committee’s report will be tabled before the National Assembly for adoption.

The report also highlighted abuses in the outsourcing and subcontracting industries, but as committee members could not agree on whether the department should be instructed to prohibit these as well, they settled on just noting the existence of problematic areas in these industries.

The report recommended that the department redraft section 198 of the Labour Relations Act “as it brings confusion to the employment relationship”, and examine all labour legislation to ensure that abusive practices in relation to labour broking be addressed. A lively debate took place within the committee over whether outsourcing and subcontracting should be banned.

Committee members noted that workers had highlighted abuses during public hearings on labour broking such as the failure of subcontractors to pay workers when the prime contractor failed to make payments.

The Democratic Alliance, which conceded that abuses did take place, could not accept a proposal that outsourcing and subcontracting be banned outright, nor that both the prime contractor and subcontractor be made liable in law for workers’ salaries, on the grounds that this would not be lawful.

Fedusa general secretary Dennis George said: “I don’t think what the labour committee has decided here is an about-turn. If they were to ban the practice, the ban would have gone before the Constitutional Court, and the safety of the workers might not have been guaranteed.”

Cape Town – Labour brokers are here to stay. What is more, the Department of Labour wants to involve itself by establishing a labour agency through which it can bring together workers and employers.

On Tuesday Labour Minister Membathisi Mdladlana presented his department’s strategic plan to parliament, declaring that temporary labour services would remain.

But this year will see a series of amendments to labour legislation to clamp down on labour brokers abusing the system.

ANC MPs last year strongly decried the industry in presentations to the Portfolio Committee on Labour.

The minister said that amendments to the Labour Relations Act are expected to be tabled this year. These apply, inter alia, to Section 198 of the act, which deals with contract work.

The amendments will ensure that no distinction can be made between permanent and temporary workers in terms of remuneration and rights such as unemployment insurance.

A third party will also be prohibited from taking responsibility for any obligations on the part of the employer (the one requiring the labour) towards a worker.

Unions are worried about the exclusion of temporary and seasonal workers from collective bargaining, to which permanent workers have legal access. Mdladlana has repeatedly said that all workers must have the right to membership of a trade union and therefore also to participation in collective bargaining.

The act will also be amended to provide for a state labour agency. Mdladlana said there is a role for private-sector labour brokers, as well as a state agency.

The state agency, which will fall under the Department of Labour, will keep a list of vacant positions as well as people with the appropriate qualifications, and in this way connect employers and employees.

- Sake24.com

DA SHADOW MINISTER OF LABOUR

 11 MARCH 2010

Release: 11 March 2010

The Democratic Alliance (DA) welcomes the announcement in the labour portfolio committee before Parliament by the Minister of Labour, Membathisi Mdladlana, that labour brokers will in fact not be banned. This is a vindication of the DA’s stance that labour brokers cannot and must not be banned, and that smart and targeted regulation or industry supervision would solve the problem of worker exploitation.

In contrast, Mdladlana has never uttered a single word of concrete policy suggestions – only rabid threats to ban the labour brokers. Consider the following statements which demonstrate the sort of rhetoric in which the Minister has been engaging, with regards to labour brokers, and his remarkable about-turn this month:

• “[The ANC will] ban labour brokers after it wins next year’s election” – 8 December 2008

• “The reality is: labour broking is a form of human trafficking” – 22 May 2009

• “I see labour brokers as a problem, and it’s a problem we must work at. We must address this problem and it’s a battle that we must fight, and it’s a battle that we must win, and now is the time – now or never.” – 23 May 2009

• Mdladlana is “prepared to die” to stop private labour brokers from abusing workers in South Africa and private labour brokers are “messing up South Africa and now trying to mess up the rest of Africa” – 13 June 2009

• The SACB reported Mdladlana saying: ‘There’s no legal basis for labour brokers to exist in the country’s laws – the call by the Democratic Alliance and the Congress of the People for the regulation of labour brokers rather than a total ban of the sector is a clear indication that the parties do not have a clue of what labour broking is all about and the extent to which workers are abused because of the practice.’ – 2 October 2009

• “Mdladlana has congratulated the Democratic Alliance for conducting a survey that clearly supports his intention to root out this form of human trafficking from all sectors of the economy” (Mdladlana’s spokesperson Mzobanzi Jikazana) – 22 October 2009

  and now…

 ”Despite what the media may say, the minister has never once used the word ‘ban’. He has only said that he wants to ‘deal with’ the issue of labour brokers, and if necessary will change laws to do that” (Jikazana again) – 3 March 2009

The empty rhetoric and rabid threats by Mdladlana have now been exposed for precisely what they are – a cheap trick to shore up support with Cosatu members ahead of the 2009 National Elections, even while knowing that his threats would never materialise. Subsequent to the election, and in the absence of any real action, Mdladlana merely turned up the hysteria. Now he has been pushed to the precipice, with Parliamentary deadlines for the submission of new legislation, and he has been forced into a humiliating u-turn. But this is not a humiliating day for ordinary South Africans. On the contrary, it means that 500,000 jobs will not be lost just to appease the egos of Cosatu bosses.

If Mdladlana had been serious about the abuses taking place on the periphery, then there would have been a clear and level headed debate. Instead, Mdladlana has used the dire situation of abused workers to promote the ANC, rather than address the real issues. The DA has proposed a comprehensive plan on the problem of worker abuse in the fringe of the labour broker industry. Now that it is clear that a ban is off the table, we urge that all parties concerned to give proper consideration to our proposals.

MEDIA ENQUIRIES:

Andrew Louw, MP – 082 383 6914

Ross van der Linde – 076 543 7254

CAPE TOWN – Labour Minister Membathisi Mdladlana on Tuesday said a draft bill on labour broking would be delayed until Parliament had made recommendations on whether it wanted to ban or regulate the practice.

Labour spokesman Mzobanzi Jikazana said the bill must be informed by the recommendations of Parliament’s portfolio committee on labour which will meet again later this month.

“I don’t know whether they want to ban or regulate it. They have to come out and adopt a position.” The bill would have had to be tabled last week in order to be passed by spring. To become law before year’s end, it would have to be tabled by mid July.

Mdladlana had hoped to introduce amendments to current labour legislation by April.

But the minister said on Tuesday that drafting a bill before the end of the parliamentary process on the subject, which included extensive pubic hearings, would make a mockery of the legislature’s involvement.

“No bill could be drafted or tabled before parliamentary processes on the matter are finalised” he said.

“Parliament has yet to finalise its decision on the matter.

Drafting the bill before the finalisation of this process would be tantamount to making a fuss of the public hearings or making a mockery of our Parliament.”

The minister said another reason for the delay was the need to deal with the fact that “labour is not defined in any of our labour laws, and therefore it is a problem that has to be addressed”.

Mdladlana’s statement came after the director general of labour Jimmy Manyi angered the committee last month by saying he had signed off on a new draft of the Labour Relations Act.

MPs protested that this undermined the parliamentary process.

Jikazana said a recommendation could emerge from the committee at its next full sitting on March 23.

On Tuesday, a subcommittee was formed to draft recommendations to the labour department on amending the Labour Relations Act and the Basic Conditions of Employment Act to deal with the issue.

Democratic Alliance MP Ian Ollis said it was striking that in Tuesday’s meeting ANC members of the committee had completely dropped references to a total ban on labour broking, and were instead talking about regulation.

“There is a coming together of the warring parties.” Trade unions called for a total ban of labour broking, which generates temporary work for some half-a-million people every year, but is seen as leading to wide-scale exploitation.

Business and the opposition have called for greater regulation of the practice instead to curb abuses.

- Sapa

Johannesburg – A recent court ruling in Namibia may be the reason why South African authorities have put brakes on plans to ban labour broking, after initially setting a deadline to introduce a bill by April.

Labour Minister Membathisi Mdladlana on Tuesday said the introduction of a bill would be delayed, as parliament needed to decide whether it would recommend a total ban or strict regulation of the practice.

Mdladlana also sounded a change of tune from his department’s previous stern call for the total banning of labour broking. He made a distinction between professional and unscrupulous brokers, with the latter needing a straight ban.

Joe Mothibi, director and head of employment and labour law division at law firm Deneys Reitz, pointed to a Namibian Supreme Court ruling in December 2009. This declared that a total ban on labour broking was unconstitutional. Mothibi suggested the situation may be the same for South Africa, given similarities in the two countries’ constitutions.

Following a legal challenge by Africa Personnel Services, a labour broker operating in Namibia, the Namibian Supreme Court ruled that banning the practice unreasonably restricted free economic activity, a right guaranteed in the country’s constitution.

“We have a similar provision in our constitution. Parliament is probably alert to that constitutional clause,” said Mothibi. “Considering that makes it very hard to ban labour brokerage and I suspect that they will probably go for greater regulation.

“The best thing is to put in place proper means of enforcement, because it doesn’t help to change the law if you are not going to enforce it.”

Trade union federation Cosatu has been on the forefront of the campaign to outlaw labour broking in SA, citing Namibia as an example to follow.

Cosatu spokesperson Patrick Craven said the federation was “encouraged” by signs that government was taking on the matter, and did not think the Namibian court ruling or difficulties with terminology should warrant a change of tune.

What was important for the federation was that legislation needed to be drafted in a manner that effectively outlaws the practice.

Elias Monage, president of the Confederation of Associations in the Private Employment Sector and a director at Kelly Group, said there was still room for negotiations between all stakeholders as there were too many implications on the banning proposal.

“There must be finality on this issue,” said Monage. “We need to go back to Nedlac [the National Economic Development and Labour Council] and sombrely define all particular forms of employment.”

Fin24.com